Influence of compost and lime on population structure and element concentrations of forest soil invertebrates

Summary We tested the effects of two organic fertilizers (composts) and lime on the soil fauna of a spruce stand. One compost was obtained from chopped wood and the other from household garbage. At the time of distribution the pH of the control plots averaged 3.2, the garbage compost had a pH of 7.5, and the wood compost of 6.2. During the experimental period the pH of the compost layers decreased. The pH of the former litter layer beneath the composts showed a steep increase after 5 months, but beneath the treatment with wood compost this effect did no persist. Liming increased the pH only slightly in the litter layer. The two types of compost, the litter layer, and lumbricids (Lumbricus rubellus) were analyzed for concentrations of essential and potentially toxic elements. The element burden was highest in the garbage compost with 7- to 11-fold concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Cu compared to the needle litter. K, Ba, and Ca were 4 times more concentrated. L. rubellus showed an increased Cu concentration after extraction from the highly contaminated sites of garbage compost. Despite the differences in Pb contamination in the needle litter and in the two compost types, all investigated individuals of L. rubellus contained similar concentrations of Pb. In contrast to Pb, Cd accumulated in this lumbricid. Seasonal fluctuations of microarthropods, their total abundance, and differences in the colonization of the compost layers were observed. Collembola abundance was significantly increased in the garbage compost plots in July 91. There were generally more Prostigmata in the control and limed plots than in the compost plots. Oribatid numbers fell under all treatments compared to the controls. Mesostigmata were identified to species level and 33 species were found in the experimental areas. Certain species, such as Arctoseius cetratus and Uropoda minima, were only found in the treated sites.     

Three new algorithms to calculate the irreplaceability index for presence/absence data

The irreplaceability index is used for determining the priority of sites for conservation. We propose three new and simple algorithms for calculating it from presence/absence data without any statistical assumptions when the representative combination size is the minimum. The rare species algorithm gives accurate results but takes the longest calculation time. The species richness algorithm gives approximated results and takes the shortest calculation time. The combined algorithm is intermediate in accuracy and calculation time. We applied the combined algorithm to real data of butterflies in the Kanto district, central Japan, and derived irreplaceability values.     

黄土高原沟壑区水土保持综合治理关键措施与组合研究

通过对黄土高原沟壑区 4条典型小流域的调查和治理模式的分析评价与系统研究 ,提出了适应于该地区的治理开发模式 ,初步确定了小流域不同单元水土保持综合治理的关键措施及其组合方案。     

不同氮磷配合下稻田田面水的氮磷动态变化研究

稻田田面水中N、P浓度是决定稻田N、P径流流失,N素的氨挥发与硝化-反硝化等各种损失途径的关键因子。采用田间试验方法研究了不同N、P配合下田面水中N、P动态变化。结果表明,田面水总N(TN)、总P(TP)和溶解态无机P(DIP)的浓度在施肥后很快达到峰值,之后迅速下降,其变化均可以用指数方程(Y=C0×e-kt)来描述。NH4 -N在施N后2~4天达到峰值,之后逐渐下降,6~7天后降至稳定。基肥施用后的NH4 -N浓度上升比分蘖肥和孕穗肥施用后慢,同时TN和NH4 -N浓度下降也慢。相同施N水平下,高P处理田面水的NH4 -N和TN浓度较优化处理高;相同施P水平下,高N和低N处理田面水的TP和DIP浓度也较优化处理高,这表明:当N、P其中之一超过或低于适合用量时,会促进另一养分的流失。施肥后田面水中TN、TP和DIP可作为稻田N、P流失的主要指标,应着重控制基肥施用后N、P的径流流失,以及追肥施用后尿素的水解速度。     

基于多维特征组合的农村居民点布局分类

快速城市化背景下的农村居民点用地调整应加强对其空间布局的科学表征与分类研究。该文通过阐释农村居民点布局特征内涵及关键构成要素,构建了多维度特征评价指标体系及组合矩阵,并以北京市平谷区为例,分析了区域农村居民点布局特征及类型。结果表明:可从空间规模、形态及区位3个维度刻画农村居民点布局特征;平谷区农村居民点共划分为10种布局类型,以中等规模-形态一般规整-优势区位、中等规模-形态规整-优势区位为主。地形地貌等自然条件对农村居民点的规模特征起到基础性控制作用,而城镇辐射及交通等基础设施通达性进一步影响了农村居民点的空间状态。基于组合矩法综合多维度特征的农村居民点布局分类,可为村庄整治和布局调整提供指导。     

律草在残塬沟壑区荒坡治理的生态效应研究

对黄土高原残塬沟壑区荒坡治理生物措施与工程措施配置模式及草的生态效应研究结果表明 ,草适应性广 ,生长势极强 ,是荒坡治理生物措施与工程措施配置模式的优良先锋草种 ,与相应的林木 (经济、生态林 )组合其水土保持及保水效应良好 ,且利于幼树成活生长。     

校外教学实习基地建设的探索与实践

为了适应市场经济需要,在建设校外教学实习基地过程中,我们引进了产学研结合的育人机制,先后在校外建立了１１个基地,解决了畜牧兽医系所承担的７个专业的实习场所问题,安排了３７１名学生实习,保证了教学质量。同时,结合教学和生产,在基地开展了合作研究,进行科技服务,培训技术骨干和基地职工,从而大大加快了基地生产的发展,经济效益明显提高。目前,建立校外教学实习基地的经验,已在校内各系推广。     

农牧交错区5种禾本科牧草与草原二号苜蓿混播试验研究

研究5种禾本科牧草与草原二号苜蓿在不同混播方式下种群的生长高度、种间竞争率（CRi）及产草量。结果表明：草原二号苜蓿的生长不受单播、混播的影响,混播促进了禾本科植物的生长。随着豆科播种量的增加,各试验小区的产量增加。人工草地较天然草地有明显的增产作用。混播人工草地比单播人工草地又有显著的增产效应,其中2/3草原二号苜蓿＋1/3披碱草的混播组合比其他组合增产现象明显。综合结果表明,草原二号苜蓿和缘毛雀麦的混播组合具有合理的禾/豆比例和较高的生产力水平,为较合理的物种组合。     

不同种类微生物及其碳酸酐酶对土壤-灰岩系统钙镁锌元素迁移作用的土柱模拟实验研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了筛选自西南岩溶区的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对石灰岩的溶蚀动态及作用效果,并研究了这3种类群微生物及其碳酸酐酶(CA)对土壤-灰岩系统Ca、Mg、Zn元素迁移的影响。结果表明:①实验所用的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌均对石灰岩有较强的溶蚀作用,但是不同类群的微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀效果不同,溶蚀后石灰岩的表面形貌变化不同,其中,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,放线菌和细菌次之;②典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对不同元素迁移的影响不同,对于Zn2 、Ca2 的迁移影响而言,真菌>放线菌>细菌>无菌对照组;对于Mg2 的迁移影响而言,细菌>真菌>放线菌>无菌对照组;③一定范围内温度增加对Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的迁移有不同程度的促进作用;④土柱淋出液中CA平均活性与Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的总淋失量之间存在一定的正相关关系,说明CA对这3种元素的迁移具有一定的影响,且因不同元素而异。本研究结果对于评价不同类群微生物在生物岩溶及岩溶系统元素迁移中的作用和地位提供了一定的科学依据。     

不同微咸水组合灌溉对土壤水盐分布和冬小麦产量影响的田间试验研究

为了研究不同组合灌溉顺序对土壤水盐分布状况和冬小麦产量的影响,2003年-2005年在河北省中科院南皮生态试验站进行了冬小麦田间微咸水灌溉试验。通过对冬小麦主根区和100 cm深度土壤的水、盐分布状况和冬小麦产量进行分析,结果表明3 g/L的微咸水可以作为冬小麦的灌溉用水,但连续使用会导致土壤发生积盐;拔节期应尽量避免使用微咸水,且不宜连续使用微咸水进行灌溉,组合灌溉最好采用咸淡交替的方式;综合土壤的积盐状况和冬小麦产量分析,淡（拔节水）淡（抽穗水）咸（灌浆水）的组合灌溉顺序为最优方案,该研究为合理开发利用灌区地下微咸水提供了依据。